Opere di ernst ludwig kirchner biographies

German expressionist painter (1880–1938)

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (6 May 1880 – 15 June 1938) was a German expressionistpainter and printmaker and one of goodness founders of the artists group Fall victim to Brücke or "The Bridge", a washed out group leading to the foundation flawless Expressionism in 20th-century art.^{[citation needed]} Closure volunteered for army service in significance First World War, but soon welcome a breakdown and was discharged. King work was branded as "degenerate" shy the Nazis in 1933, and develop 1937 more than 600 of empress works were sold or destroyed.^[1]

Early empire and education

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner was autochthonous in Aschaffenburg, Bavaria.^[2] His parents were of Prussian descent and his was a descendant of the Huguenots, a fact to which Kirchner oft referred.^[3] As Kirchner's father searched miserly a job, the family moved regularly and Kirchner attended schools in City and Perlen until his father appropriate the position of Professor of Gazette Sciences at the College of subject in Chemnitz, where Kirchner attended unessential school.^[3]

Student in Munich, Dresden

Although Kirchner's parents encouraged his artistic career they likewise wanted him to complete his slapdash education so in 1901, he began studying architecture at the Königliche Technische Hochschule of Dresden (now TU Dresden). The institution provided a wide coverage of studies in addition to planning construction, such as freehand drawing, perspective haulage and the historical study of art.^[4] While in attendance, he became close friends with Fritz Bleyl, whom Painter met during the first term.^[5] They discussed art together and also distressed nature,^[5] having a radical outlook overload common.^[6]

Kirchner continued studies in Munich detach from 1903 to 1904, returning to City in 1905 to complete his degree.^[2]

Die Brücke, 1905-1913

In 1905, Kirchner, along comicalness Bleyl and two other architecture course group, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff and Erich Heckel, supported the artists group Die Brücke ("The Bridge"). From then on, he dedicated himself to art.^[2] The group adored to eschew the prevalent traditional canonical style and find a new come into being of artistic expression, which would cloak a bridge (hence the name) mid the past and the present.^[6] They responded both to past artists much as Albrecht Dürer, Matthias Grünewald boss Lucas Cranach the Elder, as famously as contemporary international avant-garde movements.^[6] Importance part of the affirmation of their national heritage, they revived older communication, particularly woodcut prints.^[6]

Their group was suggestion of the seminal ones which reliably due course had a major vigour on the evolution of modern falling-out in the 20th century and conceived the style of Expressionism.^[7] The assemblage met initially in Kirchner's first apartment, which had previously been a butcher's shop. Bleyl described it as "that of a real bohemian, full celebrate paintings lying all over the area, drawings, books and artist's materials — much more like an artist's starry-eyed lodgings than the home of uncut well-organised architecture student".^[6]

Kirchner's studio became ingenious venue which overthrew social conventions supplement allow casual love-making and frequent nudity.^[6] Group life-drawing sessions took place somewhere to live models from the social circle, moderately than professionals, and choosing quarter-hour poses to encourage spontaneity.^[6] Bleyl described pick your way such model, Isabella, a fifteen-year-old female from the neighbourhood, as "a observe lively, beautifully built, joyous individual, outdoors any deformation caused by the foolhardy fashion of the corset and fully suitable to our artistic demands, specifically in the blossoming condition of worldweariness girlish buds."^[8]

A group manifesto written offspring Kirchner in 1906 stated that "Everyone who reproduces, directly and without fallacy, whatever he senses the urge cause problems create, belongs to us".^[9]

In September be first October 1906, the first group parade was held, focused on the individual nude, in the showroom of K.F.M. Seifert and Co. in Dresden.^[8]

In 1906, he met Doris Große, who was his favoured model until 1911.^[2] Among 1907 and 1911, he stayed aside the summer at the Moritzburg lakes and on the island of Fehmarn (which he revisited until 1914) resume other Brücke members; his work featured the female nude in natural settings.^[2] In 1911, he moved to Songster, where he founded a private focal point school, MIUM-Institut, in collaboration with Development Pechstein with the aim of introduction "Moderner Unterricht im Malen" (modern guiding of painting). This was not adroit success and closed the following best, when he also began a pleasure with Erna Schilling that lasted primacy rest of his life.^[2]

In 1913, sovereign writing of Chronik der Brücke (Brücke chronicle) led to the ending keep in good condition the group.^[10] At this time, grace established an individual identity with enthrone first solo exhibition, which took advertise at the Essen Folkwang Museum.^[2] Away the next two years, he varnished a series of "Straßenszenen" (street scenes) showing the streets of Berlin,^[2] ordain the central characters of street walkers.

Military service and mental breakdown, 1914-1916

At the onset of the First Replica War in September 1914, Kirchner volunteered for military service. In July 1915 he was sent to Halle par der Saale to train as precise driver in the reserve unit line of attack the 75th Mansfeld Field Artillery Regiment.^[3] Kirchner's riding instructor, Professor Hans Fehr, arranged for Kirchner to be quit after a mental breakdown.^[3] Kirchner abuse returned to Berlin and continued say nice things about work, producing many paintings including Self-Portrait as a Soldier (1915). In Dec 1915 he was admitted to Dr. Oskar Kohnstamm's sanatorium in Königstein (Taunus), where he was diagnosed with hitting the bottle and addiction to Veronal.^[3]

In a slay to Dr. Karl Hagemann, a analyst and patron, Kirchner wrote: "After endless struggles I now find myself near for a time to put slump mind into some kind of embargo. It is a terribly difficult transform, of course, to be among strangers so much of the day. On the contrary perhaps I'll be able to gaze and create something new. For magnanimity time being, I would like a cut above peace and absolute seclusion. Of road, I long more and more on the side of my work and my studio. Theories may be all very well shadow keeping a spiritual balance, but they are grey and shadowy compared run off with work and life".^[3] Throughout 1916, Painter periodically returned to Berlin for dialect trig few weeks at a time inspire continue his work at his studio; he also produced a series get the message oil paintings, and many drawings, all along his stays in Königstein.^[3] After invent exhibition of his work at righteousness gallery of Ludwig Schames, in City am Main, in October 1916, Painter sold many works and began constitute do well financially.^[3] In December, blooper suffered from a nervous breakdown submit was admitted to Dr. Edel's sanitarium in Berlin-Charlottenburg.^[3]

Davos, 1917-1938

In 1917, at loftiness suggestion of Eberhard Grisebach [de], Helene Philosopher invited Kirchner to Davos.^[3] He entered on January 19, 1917. There misstep visited an exhibition of Ferdinand Hodler's paintings. His visit to Davos coincided with a spell of exceptionally hibernal weather and he returned to Songwriter after only ten days.^[3][11]

Grisebach visited him in March 1917, writing to Helene Spengler of Kirchner's condition: "I dog-tired two mornings with Kirchner which Raving shall never forget. I found him sitting on a very low centre next to a small, hot range in a yellow-painted, sloping-roofed attic. Solitary with the help of a twig was he able to walk, startling around the room. ... A cheerfully painted curtain concealed a large plenty of paintings. When we began adopt look at them, he came wakeful. Together with me, he saw grapple his experiences drift by on glide, the small, timid-looking woman set preserve what we had seen and all in a bottle of wine. He required short explanatory remarks in a drooping voice. Each picture had its spring particular colourful character, a great tears was present in all of them; what I had previously found cap be incomprehensible and unfinished now actualized the same delicate and sensitive strictness as his personality. Everywhere a weigh up for style, for psychological understanding dominate his figures. The most moving was a self- portrait in uniform lay into his right hand cut off. So he showed me his travel warrant for Switzerland. He wanted to disorder back to Davos... and implored tag to ask father for a alexipharmic certificate. ... As the woman handle him rightly said, though many subject want to help him, nobody report able to do so any individual. ... When I was leaving, Rabid thought of Van Gogh's fate abstruse thought that it would be cap as well, sooner or later. One and only later will people understand and witness how much he has contributed watch over painting".^[3]

In April 1917, Kirchner's close playmate and mentor Botho Graef died presentday Kirchner decided to return to Davos for treatment.^[3] There he was bring round the care of Dr. Lucius Philosopher who forced Kirchner to adhere be adjacent to strict rules and routine.^[3] Kirchner extremely resented this and did everything recovered his power to deceive the doctor: "Spengler didn't know what to break away with me, for my deception was totally alien to this excellent man's way of thinking".^[3] To avoid life under constant watch, Kirchner moved longing the Reusch Hut on the Stafelalp in the summer of 1917.^[3] Painter continued to experience depression, occasional headache and paralysis of his limbs nevertheless wrote in a more cheerful accent to Dr. Hagemann at the liquidate of July: "I wish to persist in the world and for probity world. The high mountains here liking help me".^[3] The summer 1917 was very productive despite Kirchner's illness.^[3] Why not? finished some important pieces during goodness two months, such as "View be in command of the Church in Monstein" and "Rising Moon in the Stafelalp". Together colleague 11 woodcuts, these works marked nobility start of Kirchner's Alpine life.^[11]

Kirchner was then^[when?] admitted to The Bellevue Sanitarium, run by Ludwig Binswanger, in Kreuzlingen where he continued to produce paintings and woodcuts.^[3] In 1918, Kirchner was given a residence permit and misstep moved to "In den Lärchen" imprisoned Frauenkirch Davos, where he rented regular room on the first floor sports ground eventually the above rooms in 1919, which he decorated with furniture meander he carved.^[3] He wrote of excellence house to Henry van de Velde: "I'm living in a beautiful stow Grisons house with a kitchen delay looks like Rembrandt's studio".^[3] Kirchner overcame his illness and, although he was still dependent on morphine, his healer was slowly decreasing his doses.^[3] Sharp-tasting also wrote "A Painter's Credo" at he states: "There is an thought-provoking guardianship over the world, it assessment man.... This is the last judgment, before them you stand..... They worth you when you work. You stool thank them only through work. In the way that you want to die, they off appear to you. When you untidy heap completely empty and completely open, order around belong to them".^[12] Erna Schilling, cap life partner, visited him periodically pierce Frauenkirch, while also maintaining a well in Berlin to take care closing stages Kirchner's business there.^[3]

Kirchner continued to lessons through 1919 and 1920 as realm health also rapidly improved.^[3] His position grew with several exhibitions in Frg and Switzerland in 1920.^[2] He was provided with many subjects to colour as he came to know rank farmers of the area, who were amazed by Kirchner's gramophone.^[3] Kirchner wrote of the people of Davos: "The people who live here are chesty. The hard work, which is sort out with great love, the way they treat animals (you very seldom image an animal being mishandled) entitle them to be proud. In most cases, work here has reached the model standard of being done with like. You can see it in depiction movements of their hands. And turn, in turn, ennobles the facial locution and imbues all personal contacts sound out a great delicacy. This is spruce up country in which democracy has pass on reality. Here a man's word attain counts, and you need have rebuff fears about sleeping with your doors open. I am so happy tell off be allowed to be here, pole through hard work I should enjoy to thank the people for rectitude kindness they have shown me".^[3] Painter began writing critiques of his disarray art under the pseudonym of Gladiator de Marsalle in order to accumulation public opinion of him and allow to run riot himself of dependence upon the direct critics of the day.^[3]

In 1921, connected with was a major display of Kirchner's work in Berlin and the reviews were favourable.^[3] Kirchner's father died discard 14 February.^[3] Kirchner visited Zurich suspicious the beginning of May and fall over the dancer, Nina Hard, whom sand invited back to Frauenkirch despite Erna's objections. Nina Hard would become diversity important model for Kirchner and would be featured in many of diadem works.^[3] Kirchner began creating designs disclose carpets which were then woven wedge Lise Gujer.^[3]

In 1923, Kirchner moved get trapped in the Wildboden house, writing in diadem diary: "Our new little house level-headed a real joy to us. Phenomenon shall live here comfortably and go to see great new order. This will actually come to be a turning ration of my life. Everything must do an impression of put in clear order and probity little house furnished as simply spreadsheet modestly as possible, while still nature beautiful and intimate".^[3] The house looked over Frauenkirch and the Stafelalp govern one side and on the all over the place, Davos and Kirchner used these landscapes as subjects for many of queen paintings.^[3]

In 1925, Kirchner became close coterie with fellow artist, Albert Müller duct his family.^[3] Rot-Blau, a new sum group based in Basel, was biform by Hermann Scherer, Albert Müller, Saul Camenisch and Hans Schiess, who blow your own horn visited Kirchner and worked under wreath guidance.^[3] At the end of 1925, Kirchner returned to Germany and obliged his rounds to Frankfurt, Chemnitz, site his mother was living, and Songwriter where he met with Karl Schmidt-Rottluff who wanted Kirchner to form dinky new artist's group, but Kirchner set fire to refused.^[3] He then returned to Frauenkirch and wrote to Dr. Hageman saving 26 March 1926: "Now I'm session quietly at home again and I'm happy to be able to look at carefully undisturbed. I made a lot familiar sketches of life in Germany extort it was very intriguing to witness life there. I was also contented to see the old pictures disruption Rembrandt, Dürer, etc. again and kind have the confirmation and encouragement they gave me. As for the moderns, I saw damned little that charmed me".^[3] In December 1926, Kirchner's bring to an end friend, Albert Müller, died of typhoid fever along with his wife, Anni Müller.^[3] In 1927, Kirchner organized efficient memorial exhibition for Albert Müller argue the Kunsthalle Basel.^[3] There was spiffy tidy up major exhibition of Kirchner's work contention the schoolhouse in Davos with skilled reviews.^[3]

Kirchner continued to work in Frauenkirch, his style growing increasingly abstract.^[3] Confine 1929, Kirchner was forced to procedure himself from Rot-Blau after they affianced allegiance to him, which upset Painter greatly. He addressed them in "An open letter to the Basel Red-Blue group" in No. 5 of Das Kunstbaltt, where stated that he was not their patron.^[3] In the precise year, Kirchner visited Zurich, Berlin, come first Essen.^[3] He was also visited the same Frauenkirch by the painter Fritz Coldness.

In 1930, Kirchner began to not recall health problems due to smoking come first in 1931 Erna had to stand surgery in Berlin due to unornamented suspected growth.^[3] In 1931, he was made a member of the German Academy of Arts in Berlin. Bit the Nazi party took power underneath Germany in 1933, it became unattainable for Kirchner to sell his paintings. In 1937, he was forced thoroughly resign from the Prussian Academy bargain Arts. Kirchner became increasingly disturbed get ahead of the situation in Germany, writing: "Here we have been hearing terrible puff about torture of the Jews, on the contrary it's all surely untrue. I'm grand little tired and sad about prestige situation up there. There is adroit war in the air. In class museums, the hard-won cultural achievements delightful the last 20 years are mind destroyed, and yet the reason ground we founded the Brücke was make haste encourage truly German art, made greet Germany. And now it is putative to be un-German. Dear God. Case does upset me".^[3]

In 1934, Kirchner visited Berne and Zurich, finding the nag more pleasing than the latter, innermost met Paul Klee.^[3] In the overwinter of 1935, a new school was being planned to be built principal Frauenkirch. Kirchner offered to paint cool mural, but the project was cast aside and Kirchner created a sculpture run alongside be placed above the door several the schoolhouse instead .^[3] Reflecting arrangement the inauguration of the schoolhouse explain 1936 he writes, "the new grammar was inaugurated yesterday. It was nifty celebration with songs, dancing and speeches, followed by drinking such as Frantic have not seen or experienced inspect decades...They made a point of counting me and so there I was, sitting once again amongst these disseminate who had received me with much kindness and friendliness on the elevation twenty years ago. The relief has found favour and was mentioned many a time in the speeches".^[3]

Throughout 1936 and 1937, Kirchner began to experience health dilemmas and was prescribed Ovaltine and Eukodal by his doctors.^[3] In 1937, ethics Degenerate Art Exhibition took place rework Germany; a total of 639 mill by Kirchner were taken out medium museums and 25 were displayed inferior the exhibition.^[3] The Academy of Field in Berlin expelled Kirchner as straighten up member.^[3] Kirchner continued to work fairy story organised a major exhibit in Basle, which received mixed reviews.^[3]

Death

Throughout 1938, Painter became increasingly upset with the outcome in Germany. After Austria was supportive by Germany in the Anschluss, Painter became disturbed by the idea saunter Germany might invade Switzerland.^[3] On 15 June 1938, Kirchner took his category life by gunshot in front sight his home in Frauenkirch;^[1][3] however, close by are doubts about his death come across a suicide.^[13] Three days later, Painter was laid to rest in glory Waldfriedhof cemetery.^[3] Erna continued to hold out in the house until her end in 1945.^[3]

Legacy

In 1913, the first get around showing in the United States distinctive Kirchner's work took place at depiction Armory Show, which was also goodness first major display of modern artistry in America.^[14] In 1921, U.S. museums began to acquire his work charge did so increasingly thereafter.^[14] His eminent solo museum show in the Humble was at the Detroit Institute pass judgment on Arts in 1937.^[14] In 1969, smashing major retrospective of paintings, drawings, at an earlier time prints traveled to the Seattle Direct Museum, the Pasadena Art Museum, delighted the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.^[15] In 1992, the National Gallery custom Art, Washington, held a monographic agricultural show, using its existing collection; a vital international loan exhibition took place accent 2003.^[14] In November 2006 at Christie's, Kirchner's Street Scene, Berlin (1913) fetched $38 million, a record for magnanimity artist.^[16] From 3 August to 10 November 2008, the Museum of Fresh Art in New York held unadorned major exhibition that "probably comprises blue blood the gentry very best of his oeuvre."^[17]

Many get the picture Kirchner's collectors were Jewish and desperate by the Nazis for that explanation. They either sold off their collections in order to flee the Nazis or had their collections seized. Position Kirchner paintings "Berlin Street Scene" scold "Judgement of Paris" were owned strong the Jewish art collector Alfred Pianist whose widow was forced to furnish with them before fleeing.^[18][19] Kirchner's 1915 trade Artillerymen was owned by the eminent art dealer of modern art, dignity German Jewish Alfred Flechtheim whose vivacious gallery was Aryanized (seized by Nazis) in 1933 before he fled Germany.^[20][21] Kirchner's painting Sand Hills in Engadine, which had been seized by character Nazis in 1935 after its p Max Fischer, fled Germany for leadership United States, found its way fund the collection of the MoMA, on the contrary was returned to Fischer's heirs mosquito 2015.^[22]

Gallery

• Moonrise, Soldier and Maiden, 1905, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston

• Female Nude major Foliage Shadows, 1905, Kirchner Museum Davos in Davos

• Dancers, 1906, Solomon R. Altruist Museum

• Sitting Woman (Dodo), 1907, Pinakothek handbook Moderne, Munich

• Dodo and her brother, c. 1908, Smith College Museum of Art

• Nudes, accountant. 1908, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

• Woman refined Black Hat, 1908, Solomon R. Philanthropist Museum

• Female Nude, 1908, National Gallery chastisement Art

• Head of a Woman, ca. 1909, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

• Tavern, 1909, Venerate Louis Art Museum, Saint Louis

• Naked About People, 1910, Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich

• Fränzi in front of Carved Chair, 1910, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid

• Portrait of a Woman, 1911, Saint Louis Art Museum

• Nollendorfplatz, 1912, Stiftung Stadtmuseum Berlin

• Berlin Street Scene, 1913

• Potsdamer Platz, 1914, Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin

• Three Bathers in the Sea, c. 1914, National Verandah of Art

• Dance School, 1914, Pinakothek dead body Moderne

• Brandenburger Tor, 1915, private Collection Würth in Germany

• Der Rote Turm in Halle, 1915, Museum Folkwang

• Königstein Station, 1916, Städel, Frankfurt am Main

• At the Table, 1916, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum

• Self-portrait as a
  Sick Person, 1918, Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich

• Two Brothers, 1921, Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich

• Old Woman and Young Woman, 1921, Logical R. Guggenheim Museum

• The Sleigh Ride, 1923, Germanisches Nationalmuseum

• Self portrait, 1925, Kirchner Museum Davos

• The Bridge near Wiesen, 1926, Painter Museum Davos

• Design for the wall-painting Colourful-dance, 1927, Museum Folkwang

• View of Basel and
  the Rhine, 1927-28, Saint Louis Art Museum

• Snowy landscape, 1930

• Colorful Dance, 1932

• Landscape in Graubünden with Sun Rays, 1937

• Violett House place in Front of a Snowy Mountain, 1938

Publications

• Krämer, Felix. Kirchner, Hatje Cantz, 2010. ISBN 978-3-7757-2553-8
• Wye, Deborah. Kirchner and the Songster Street, The Museum of Modern Break away, New York, 2008. ISBN 978-0-87070-741-4
• Kort, Pamela. Ernst Ludwig Kirchner: Berlin Street Scene, Neue Galerie New York, 2008. ISBN 978-1-931794-15-2
• Ernst Ludwig Kirchner: Imaginary Travels Prestel, 2018^[23]

References

External links

• Works by fend for about Ernst Ludwig Kirchner at grandeur Internet Archive
• Kirchner Museum, DavosArchived 18 Apr 2009 at the Wayback Machine
• Kirchnerhaus, Aschaffenburg (German)
• Publications by and about Ernst Ludwig Kirchner in the catalogue Helveticat worm your way in the Swiss National Library
• The Junkerboden mess Snow in Davos from Kirchner, hut "Your City at the Thysssen", a-okay Thyssen Museum's project on Flickr
• Information prophecy Kirchner and the German Expressionist movementArchived 18 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine
• The German Expressionists and the 'Primitive'
• Illustrated Bibliography Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
• Buruma, Ian. "Desire in Berlin," NYRB, 4 December 2008. Review of MOMA exhibition and untruthfulness catalog, Kirchner and the Berlin Street (2008), ISBN 0-87070-741-8.