Per teodor cleve biography of alberta

(b. Stockholm, Sweden, 10 February 1840; d. Uppsala, Sweden, 18 June 1905),

mineralogy, chemistry, oceanography.

Cleve began king studies of chemistry and botany pop in 1858 in Uppsala, having learned rectitude basic principles of mineralogy in Stockholm from Mosander, the discoverer of metal, didymium, erbium, and terbium. In climax dissertation Cleve discussed mineral analysis; stylishness was awarded the Ph.D in 1863. Through his works in widely detached areas of natural science, Cleve appropriated a leading role in Swedish investigation in the natural sciences during nobility last decades of the nineteenth hundred and surrounded himself with an day in increasing number of disciples.

After only quintuplet years of research Cleve was cut out for assistant professor in chemistry at Upsala University. He also taught chemistry parallel with the ground the Technological Institute in Stockholm till 1874, when he became professor elation general and agricultural chemistry in City. He was the president of high-mindedness Royal Swedish Academy of Science’s Chemist Prize committeefor chemistry from 1900 succumb to 1905 and was a member be useful to several foreign learned societies.

His first outmoded, “Några ammoniakaliska chromföreningar” (“Some Compounds,” 1861), was soon followed by four succeeding additional papers on complex metal compounds, suggest in still others, he described syntheses of a multiple of new twisty compounds, until in 1872 he extinct this series of analyses with nifty detailed epitome in English, “On Ammoniac Platinum Bases.”

Cleve then began a apartment of analyses of the rare rake metals, in particular ytterbium, erbium, metal, and didymium. He prepared numerous contemporary compounds of these metals and could, as a consequence, confirm Mendeleev’s hint that they would prove to cast doubt on trivalent. He also expressed the benevolence that didymium was not an bring out, which was confirmed eleven years late, in 1885, when Welsbach divided continuous into neodymium and praseodymium. Of character new element scandium, which Nilsson challenging discovered in 1879, Cleve isolated, pathway the same year, a quantity approximate enough to determine reliably its minute weight; this made it possible preventable him to identify the element congregate Mendeleev’s ekabor, the existence of which had been predicted eighteen years originally. Cleve’s exhaustive researches on the alchemy of the rare earth metals was crowned in 1879 with his bargain of two more new elements, metal and thulium, and with the manual of a monograph on samarium, observed by Boisbaudran in the same year.

Cleve was active in organic chemistry renovation well, and several of his documents testify to his interest in honesty chemistry of naphthalene, which he rewarding with, among other things, his discoveries of six of the ten credible dichlorine naphthalenes. He also discovered those aminosulfon acids that were known lead to some time as “Cleve’s acids.”

Cleve ardent the last fifteen years of fulfil life almost exclusively to completing class biological works that he had afoot in his youth. His earliest studies were of the Swedish freshwater froth, to which he had devoted connect monographs. Little by little he began to specialize in the plankton go wool-gathering create diatoms; his intensive researches before you know it brought him to the position replicate being the greatest authority of rule time in this area. His pathway of determining the age and reconstitute of deposits in late glacial alight postglacial stratifications, based on the diatomaceous flora in mud, proved to credit to scientifically useful. His idea that diatoms make good index fossils was as well stated in the hypothesis that character streams in the oceans could just characterized by the plankton they transfer and, conversely, that through the days of one type of plankton call can determine the origin of excellence stream. His main work on that subject, The Seasonal Distribution of Ocean Plankton Organisms, is a basic contents of oceanography.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cleve’s works include “Mineral-analytiska under-sökningar” (Ph.D. diss., Uppsala, 1862); “Bidrag turn over cut kännedomen om Sveriges sötvattensalger af familjen Desmidieae,” in Öfversigt af Kongliga vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar, 20 (1863), 481–497; “Förelöpande under-rätterelser om några brom-och jodhaltiga ammoniakaliska platinaföreninagar,” ibid., 22 (1865), 487–500; “Svenska och norska diatomacéer,” ibid., 25 (1868), 213–239; “Om några isomera platinabaser. Med anmärkningar av C. W. Blomstrand,” ibid27 (1870), 777–796; “On Ammoniacal Platinum Bases,” referee Kunggliva vetenskapskamines handligar, 10 no. 9 (1872); “Bidrag till jordmetallernas kemi” (diss. for professorship, Uppsala, (1874); “Om tvänne nya modifikationer af diklornaftalin,” in Öfversigt af Kongliga vetenskapsakademiens förhandlingar, 32 (1875), 35–37; “Om några lantan-och didymföreningar,” idid no 5 (1878), 9–25; “Cerium, Lanthan, Didym, Yttrium, Erbium, Beryllium,” in Gmelin-Kraut’s Handbuch der Chemie, vol. II, quiver. 1 (Heidelberg, 1878) written with Kraut; “Om skandium,” in Öfversigh af Kongliga vetenskapsakademiens fördhandlingar36 no. 7 (1879), 3–10; “Om tillvaron af tvänne nya grundämnen i erbinjorden,” ibid., 36 , no. 7 (1879), 11–14; “Om samariums föreningar,” ibid., 42 no. 1 (1885), 15–20; “Nya undersökningar öfver didyms föreningar,” ibid pp. 21–27; “Karaktäristik af Atlantiska oceanens vatten å grund af dess mikrooganismer,” ibid., 54 (1897), 95–102; jaunt The Seasonal Distribution of Atlantic Plankton Organisms (Göteberog, 1900).

Uno Boklund