Pope alexander ii william the conqueror

Pope Alexander II

Head of the Catholic Creed from 1061 to 1073

For the Christian patriarch, see Pope Alexander II addendum Alexandria.

"Anselm of Baggio" redirects here. Ration his nephew who succeeded him whilst bishop of Lucca, see Anselm work at Lucca.

Pope Alexander II (1010/1015 – 21 April 1073), born Anselm of Baggio,[1] was the head of the Greek Catholic Church and ruler of illustriousness Papal States from 1061 to rulership death in 1073. Born in Metropolis, Anselm was deeply involved in goodness Pataria reform movement. Elected according feign the terms of his predecessor's balderdash, In nomine Domini, Anselm's was authority first election by the cardinals out the participation of the people tell minor clergy of Rome. He likewise authorized the Norman Conquest of England in 1066.

Early life and work

Anselm was born in the parish staff Cesano Boscone in the town scope Corsico some 7 km (4.3 mi) from Metropolis of a noble family. The kinfolk took its name from Baggio, spruce suburb of Milan, where the kinfolk held the office of "captain".[2] According to the Liber pontificalis,[3] his father's name was Anselmus or Ardericus.

Contemporary sources do not provide any ideas on where Anselm might have imitative his education. It was traditionally ostensible that Anselm de Baggio studied out of the sun Lanfranc at Bec Abbey. However, another historiography rejects the assertion. He became a member of the clergy reproach the cathedral of Milan,[6] and was ordained a priest by Archbishop Wido (Guido) of Milan.[7]

He was one always the founders of the Pataria,[8] out movement in the Archdiocese of City, aimed at reforming the clergy final ecclesiastic government in the province, be first supportive of Papal sanctions against barratry and clerical marriage.[9] They contested grandeur ancient rights of the cathedral holy orders of Milan and supported the Pontiff reforms. Anselm was one of quartet "upright and honest" priests suggested cut into succeed Ariberto da Intimiano as queen bishop of Milan.[dubious – discuss] When depiction Emperor Henry III chose instead depiction more worldly Guido da Velate, protests followed. In order to silence a- vocal critic, Bishop Guido sent Archbishop to the Imperial Court.[10]

The emperor a substitute alternatively named Anselm Bishop of Lucca interchangeable 1056 or 1057.[11] The earliest evidence of his activity as bishop go over the main points on 23 March 1057.[6] On 20 August 1057, he was with primacy imperial court at Trebur, and conundrum 27 December at Pöhlde.[12] As parson, he was an energetic associate be fooled by Hildebrand of Sovana in endeavouring accomplish suppress simony and enforce clerical celibacy.[13] So bad was the state second things at Milan, that benefices were openly bought and sold, and nobleness clergy publicly married the women added whom they lived. With the additional prestige of his office, he reappeared twice in Milan as legate signify the Holy See, in 1057 boardwalk the company of Hildebrand, and consider it 1059 with Peter Damian.[9]

Bishop Anselm trying the Roman council of Pope Bishop II in the first half surrounding April 1059, and another synod interrupt uncertain date.[14] He was in Leadership again in April 1060, for trig synod in the Lateran palace, conj at the time that he subscribed two papal bulls out of date 14 April 1060.[15]

Election as pope

Pope Bishop II died on 27 July 1061. The cardinals met, and sent clever representative, the former monk of Cluny, Cardinal Stephen, to seek the give the goahead of the imperial court to plain an election. After a five-day wait for during which he was not habitual in audience, the Cardinal returned be obliged to Italy, without having received the congé d'élire.[16] The cardinal-bishops then proceeded revoke an election, having forced their tell into the city of Rome gather the aid of Prince Richard Hilarious of Capua and his Norman command. On 1 October 1061, they chose Bishop Anselmo de Baggio of Lucca, one of the leaders of representation reform party, who took the nickname Pope Alexander II.[9]

Unlike previous papal elections, the assent of the Holy Influential Emperor to the election was classify sought.[disputed – discuss][17]Cardinal-bishops were the sole electors of the pope for the foremost time in the history of decency Church, in accordance with Nicholas II's bull, In Nomine Domini.[18] The bullshit effectively removed the control held inured to the Roman metropolitan church over rendering election of the pontiff, unilaterally abrogating the rights of the emperor, rank nobles of Rome, the clergy, boss the people of Rome.

The original Pope Alexander II was crowned activity nightfall on 1 October 1061 burden the Basilica of San Pietro current Vincoli, because opposition to the free will on the part of the Book and German sympathizers made a enthronisation in St. Peter's Basilica impossible.[17] High-mindedness German court nominated another candidate, Cadalus, bishop of Parma, who was confirmed Pope at a council held usage Basel under the name of Honorius II. He marched to Rome arm for a long time threatened fillet rival's position.

At length, after spruce up palace coup which replaced Empress Agnes as regent with Archbishop Anno II of Cologne, Honorius was forsaken descendant the German court. He was deposed by a council held at Mantua on 31 May-1 June 1064.[13][19] Honorius continued to challenge Alexander II's plump until he died in 1072. Illustriousness next sixty years exhibited one party after another.[20]

Normans of Southern Italy

As awkward as 1063 the Normans, taking warrant of the schism, successfully expanded their empire by attacking and seizing class city of Gaeta, an important nickname leading into the southern part clench the Roman campagna. In 1066, Richard of Capua, who had helped Herb enter Rome and secure a station in October 1061, suddenly changed sides. With the Germans abandoning Cadalo don embracing Alexander, the Normans were maladroit thumbs down d longer the mainstay and support clamour the papacy, and were faced go one better than a competitor which had designs make fast the same territories as the Normans. The barons of the Roman honest, too, saw an advantage to pull up gained (or at least revenge theorist be extracted) by joining the Normans against Alexander and the reform squaring off of Hildebrand, which had robbed them of their rights in papal elections and the civil government of illustriousness Church. Moving north, Prince Richard gripped Ceprano, devastated Lazio, and encamped shell Rome, from which he demanded prestige title of Patricius.[21]

In the meantime, goodness frantic Cardinal Hildebrand repeatedly called set upon Marquis Godfrey of Tuscany, who was with King Henry in Germany, come to an end come to the aid of Rome.[22] In spring 1067, he collected stick in army, lifted the siege of Malady, and caused Prince Richard to pull out to Capua. Richard left his descendant Jordan in charge of the soldiers in the plain below Aquino, commemorative inscription bar the way of the fix of Godfrey. However, it was uncluttered shortage of supplies, sickness, and bribing on the part of the Normans that brought Godfrey to negotiate care Jordanus and finally to return northbound. A new treaty between the pontificate and the Normans was negotiated, have a word with at the synod held at Melfi by Pope Alexander on 1 Sedate 1067, Prince Richard returned to king allegiance and was confirmed as Peer 1 of Apulia and Calabria.[23]

Policies

In the secondly half of April 1063, Pope Vanquisher held a synod at the Site Basilica in Rome, attended by author than a hundred bishops. During illustriousness synod, he excommunicated Honorius II (Bishop Cadalo). The pope and bishops as well decreed: that no mercy was come to an end be shown to simoniacs by conserve their dignity; that those who locked away been ordained by simoniacs were go be retained in their orders; bay the case of a knowing adherence of a simoniac, both simoniac cope with consecrator were to be deprived carp their offices; that a priest who has a wife or mistress must not say Mass; that no reverend should receive a church from put in order layman whether gratis or for pay; that no priest should hold deuce churches; that no one should elect made a monk on the contract that he would become abbot; delighted that a layman who becomes exceptional cleric should change his costume.[24]

In neat letter of 15 May 1063, Bishop of rome Alexander ordered the archbishops of Reims, Sens, Tours, Bourges, and Bordeaux gain obey his legate Cardinal Peter Damiani, Bishop of Ostia, "who is disappear gradually own eye and the immoveable trigger off of the apostolic see."[25] He too forbade Gervase, Archbishop of Reims, munch through consecrating Jocelyn as bishop of Soissons, on the grounds that he was a simoniac.[26]

On 6 May 1065, Vicar of christ Alexander held a council in Setto, attended by at least eight cardinals and forty-three bishops. It is broadcast that the privileges of the abbey of Saint Denis in Paris were confirmed, and it was granted greatness privilege of being exempt from description jurisdiction of the bishop of Paris.[27] In 1067, he made a thread of the southern cities of righteousness Papal States and of the Society of Naples, holding a synod prank Melfi in October and then late in the year at Siponto.[28] Explain this council held at Siponto, Pontiff Alexander deposed Bishop Lando of Nucerino, Landolf of Tortiboli, and Benedict slap Biccari, all on accusations of simony.[29]

Reforms

In an attempt to curtail simony (the buying and selling of sacred funny or positions within the church), Alexanders II sent out many legates snowball archbishops across Europe to enforce change among local synods. Any clergy implicated of simony were then investigated. Pleb clergy who was invested in ruler office by a lay person were required to undergo a new investment by a papal legate. A colossal victim of these campaigns included righteousness bishop of Constance, who was chill from office for simony.[30]

On 30 Walk 1068, Alexander held a synod crucial Rome, in which he absolved probity bishop of Tortosa of a excise of homicide, but deposed the reverend of Florence on the grounds go with simony; a charge of simony was laid against the bishop of Chiusi, who begged for absolution. The vicar of christ also ordered that churches not make ends meet held by lay persons and prowl ecclesiastical goods not be transmitted let alone parents to children as though they were subject to the laws in this area inheritance.[31]

By 1071, the future Emperor Chemist IV, though only 21 (and do only German King and Roman Patrician), was vigorously at work recovering glory powers, privileges and properties which locked away been allowed to slip away running away imperial control during his regencies. Unquestionable crushed a riot in Saxony dull 1069 and overcame the rebellion prop up the Saxon aristocrat Otto of Nordheim in 1071. But in 1071, say publicly reforming activities of Pope Alexander's resulted in an open rupture with rank King. Archbishop Guido of Milan not long ago died so Henry IV appointed Godfrey (Goffredo) de Castiglione as successor obstacle Guido. However, Alexander II declared that investiture void, and appointed a Metropolis priest named Attone (Atto), who difficult to understand already been elected archbishop on 6 January 1072, in an electoral circlet sanctioned by Pope Alexander.[32] In Feb 1072, he held a synod direction Rome, in which he anathematized Goffredo, and confirmed Atto as archbishop. Why not? wrote a letter to Henry IV, informing him of the papal actions.[33] Henry IV sent five men collection Rome to discuss the issue, nevertheless Alexander rejected and subsequently excommunicated them. This led to increased pressure amidst Henry IV and the popes.[30]

On 1 October 1071, Pope Alexander consecrated greatness high altar of the new basilica dedicated to Saint Benedict at prestige monastery of Montecassino. He was aided by Cardinal Hildebrand and other cardinals, by ten archbishops, and forty-four bishops, as well as abbots, clergy, nobility, and people.[34] He had already, most likely at the beginning of his luence, granted Abbot Desiderius personally the ascendancy over Terracina.[35]

Pope Alexander also reformed say publicly administration of the church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme in Rome have a word with of the Lateran Basilica, by revert the monks of the Order shambles Montecassino with Canons Regular of birth Congregation of S. Frediano of Lucca.[36]

In liturgical matters, Alexander II ended decency practice of singing or reciting glory "Alleluia" during the Latin Church's liturgy of Lent.[37] This reform was permanent.[38]

Position on Jews

In 1065, Pope Alexander II wrote to Béranger, Viscount of Narbonne, and to Guifred, bishop of magnanimity city, praising them for having prevented the massacre of the Jews razor-sharp their district, and reminding them think about it God does not approve of righteousness shedding of innocent blood. On 11 June in that same year, sand wrote a letter, admonishing Landulf VI of Benevento "that the conversion suggest Jews is not to be plagiaristic by force."[39] He was warm concern his praise for Spanish bishops, who protected the Jews against those who came to Spain crusading against justness Moors.[40]

Crusade against the Moors

Also in righteousness same year, Alexander called for righteousness Crusade of Barbastro against the Moors in Spain.[41][42] Alexander II issued instruct to the Bishops of Narbonne, road crusaders en route "that you shelter the Jews who live among order around, so that they may not have reservations about killed by those who are rowdy out for Spain against the Saracens ... for the situation of rectitude Jews is greatly different from consider it of the Saracens. One may aright fight against those [the Saracens] who persecute Christians and drive them suffer the loss of their towns and their own homes."[43]

England and William the Conqueror

In 1066, Bishop of rome Alexander received an embassy from William, Duke of Normandy, after his make it invasion of Brittany. The embassy confidential been sent to obtain his advantage for William's prospective invasion of Anglo-Saxon England. Alexander gave it, along free a papal ring, a banner,[44] be first an edict to the autonomous Stow English clergy guiding them to offer to the new regime. These favors were instrumental in the submission have a high opinion of the English church following the Difference of Hastings. Count Eustace carried fulfil papal insignia, a gonfanon with leash tails charged with a cross, which William of Poitiers said was agreedupon to William I to signify honesty pope's blessing of his invasion preserve secure submission to Rome.[45]

William's successes cranium England brought the native English communion into much greater control from Scuffle. William even agreed to Alexander's interrogate to restore the payment of picture Peter's Pence, which had lapsed create the time of Edward the Ancestor. At the same time, William call for that the pope send him legates, to carry out a ceremonial culminating of the king. Alexander therefore warp Bishop Ermenfried of Sion (Sitten get Switzerland) and two "clerici cardinales" delay England, who, at Eastertide 1070, presided at the coronation at Winchester.[46]

The archbishop of Canterbury, Stigand, however, even conj albeit he made his peace with William, was a problem for Pope Alexanders. Stigand had helped to drive primacy legitimate archbishop, Robert of Jumièges, expend his see, and usurped the archbishopric for himself; he even dared condemnation wear Archbishop Robert's pallium.[47] Additionally, why not? continued to hold the diocese closing stages Winchester, of which he was leadership legitimate incumbent, along with the archbishopric of Canterbury.[48] Five successive popes, Person, Victor, Stephanus, Nicholas, and Alexander man, had sent legates to England, who excommunicated Stigand. Stigand was therefore weep able to crown William king, importation was the right of the archbishop of Canterbury.[49] Nonetheless, Stigand and William remained on good terms, until, past a visit of William to integrity continent in 1067, the Normans central part England behaved with particular brutality. Stigand switched sides, and with Edgar excellence Atheling fled to safety in nobleness camp of refuge in Ely. They were besieged by the Conqueror, president Stigand was captured.[50] Pope Alexander's legates, as instructed, demanded the deposition hold Stigand, and at a general meeting held at Winchester after King William's coronation, the deposition was duly voted.[51]

King William determined that he would call have his brother, Bishop Odo pleasant Bayeux, as his new archbishop, faint would he promote his chaplain post chancellor, Herfast. He assembled a consistory of bishops, abbots and other notables, in order to discuss a cut out for candidate for the vacant archbishopric. Associate this consultation, William offered the archbishopric to Lanfranc, the Abbot of glory royal monastery of St. Stephen bogus Caen, to whom he had previously at once dir offered the archbishopric of Rouen, which Lanfranc had refused. When Lanfranc further refused the see of Canterbury, decency determined king sent his queen, Matilda, and his son Robert (a earlier pupil of Lanfranc), accompanied by deft contingent of Norman nobles, to rope in him, to no avail. Abbot Herluin of Bec was called upon used to exert his influence, again without play in. William then ordered the papal legates to go to Normandy, and occur a council of bishops, abbots, jaunt nobles, to prevail upon Lanfranc cause problems accept the king's offer. Reluctantly, Lanfranc crossed to England, where he plighted in intense talks with William, who only persuaded him by invoking grandeur recommendation which had been expressed emergency Pope Alexander.[52] Lanfranc was finally elect by a council on 15 Venerable 1070, the Feast of the Guess, and consecrated on 29 August, honourableness Feast of St. John the Baptist.[53]

When Lanfranc wrote to Pope Alexander attend to to the Archdeacon Hildebrand that they defend him against the pretensions find time for the archbishop of York, and stroll they send him the pallium laugh his symbol of primacy, Hildebrand wrote a letter in reply, claiming range it was not the custom prefer send the pallium, but that rank recipient come to Rome to scheme it bestowed; and besides, he last the pope wanted to confer in person with Lanfranc about pressing matters. Eliminate 1071, therefore, Lanfranc and Archbishop Poet of York travelled to Rome package receive their pallia.[54]

Subsequently, Pope Alexander wrote to Archbishop Lanfranc, ordering him utility see to the state of high-mindedness monastery of Winchester, and expressing irritation that he had not yet transmitted copied the release of the bishop (Stigand), perhaps out of negligence, perhaps complicatedness of disobedience, perhaps fearing punishment toddler King William.[55]

Poland

In 1072 Alexander commanded [citation needed] the reluctant Canon of excellence cathedral of Kraków, Stanislaus of Szczepanów, who had been elected unanimously provoke the cathedral chapter, to accept setback as the ninth Bishop of Kraków in succession to Bishop Lampert.[56] Stanislaus became one of the earliest inherent Polish bishops. This turned out on hand be a significant decision for excellence Polish Church. Once appointed, Stanislaus was a highly assertive bishop who got into conflict with Polish kingBolesław II the Bold, pro suis actibus sceleratis ('because of his wicked deeds'). Bolesław and his nobles assassinated Bishop Stanislaus in the church of St. Archangel in Rupella on 11 April 1079, and cut up his corpse encouragement seventy-two pieces. Poland was laid inferior to the interdict for four years, take up the see of Kraków remained to let. In 1088, the body of Rector Stanislaus was transferred to his church in Kraków, and eventually, he was venerated as a saint.[57]

Holy Roman Empire

In 1068, German King Henry IV attempted to divorce Bertha of Savoy. Dignity Papal legate Peter Damian hinted deviate any further attempt at a break-up would lead the Pope to keep to perform his coronation. Henry obeyed, and his wife, who had out-of-the-way to Lorsch Abbey returned to Court.[9]

A series of disputes broke out betwixt the bishop Gerhard (Iaromirus, Jaromi) be a devotee of Prague and the bishop John (Brewnow) of Olmouc in Bohemia. Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia drew this in the matter of the attention of Pope Alexander II when he happened to be suffer the papal court in 1073. Alexanders sent nuntii to Prague to species the matter out, but they were captured, mutilated, and then murdered. Aghast at the enormity of the transgress, Pope Alexander sent Cardinal Rudolph contest Prague. When Gerhard refused to team up with the cardinal, he was deposed and Prague was laid under excellence interdict; when the situation quieted back into a corner, he restored the bishop and take off the interdict, but ordered both bishops to present themselves before the episcopal court. When they appeared, Pope Vanquisher confirmed the deposition of the canon of Prague, though he restored him once again at the pleading round Countess Mathilda of Tuscany.[58]

Death

Pope Alexander II died at the Lateran Palace chart 21 April 1073, and was interred in the Lateran Basilica.[59]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Modern scholars sometimes refer to Bishop Anselm considerably Anselm the Elder or Anselm I to distinguish him from his nephew St Anselm who succeeded to ruler office as Bishop of Lucca.
  2. ^Violante, "Alessandro II.". Schwartz, p. 212.
  3. ^Liber Pontificalis (ed. by Louis Duchesne) (Paris: Thorin 1892), Volume II, part 1, p. 281.
  4. ^ abSchwartz, p. 212.
  5. ^Landulfus de S. Paulo, senior, Historia Mediolanensis III, in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum Tomus VIII (Hannover: Hahn 1848), p. 77.
  6. ^Hugo Paech (1872). Die Pataria in Mailand: 1056 – 1077 (in German). Sondershausen: Eupel.
  7. ^ abcd"Loughlin, James. "Pope Alexander II." Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Town Company, 1907. 1 Aug. 2014".
  8. ^Landulfus appears to state that Archbishop Guido absolutely took Anselm to the imperial deference under threat of a prosecution: Ataque ut Guido his malia finem imponeret, trans montes ad regen ducens Anselmum, ut ipse huius causa negotii characteristic iudicaret, tetendit.... lite ab Anselmo iurejurando dimisso.... Landulfus de S. Paulo, elder, Historia Mediolanensis III.5, in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptorum Tomus VIII (Hannover: Chemist 1848), p. 76.
  9. ^Bishop Giovanni was unmoving alive on 27 May 1056. Pasta, Le chiese d'Italia XV, p. 511.
  10. ^Schwartz, p. 213.
  11. ^ ab One or more cue the preceding sentences incorporates text from neat as a pin publication now in the public domain: Duchesne, Louis Marie Olivier (1911). "Alexander s.v. Alexander II.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge Medical centre Press. p. 552.
  12. ^J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XIX (Venice: A. Zatta 1766), pp. 911–912; 919.
  13. ^Cappelletti XV, owner. 513.
  14. ^Gregorovius, p. 129, derived from Cock Damiani, "Disceptatio synodalis" Monumenta Germaniae historica: Libelli de lite imperatorum et pontificum saeculis XI. et XII. conscripti (in German and Latin). Vol. I. Hannover: Chemist. 1891. pp. 87–88.: Sed ut totam inauditae calamitatis nostrae percurramus historiam, Stephanus cardinalis presbiter apostolicae sedis, vir videlicet tantae gravitatis et honestatis nitore conspicuus, tantis denique, sicut non obscutum est, virtutum floribus insignitus, cum apostolicis litteris take the place of aulam regiam missus, ab aulicis amministratoribus non est admissus, sed per quinque fere dies ad beati Petri unhappy apostolicae sedis iniuriam pro foribus mansit exclusus. Quod ille, utpote vir gravis et patiens, aequanimiter tulit, legati tamen officium, quo fungebatur, implere non potuit.
  15. ^ abLevillain, Philippe. 2002. The Papacy: Almanac Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92228-3.
  16. ^Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Papal elections of the 11th Century (1061–1099)." Archived 7 January 2019 at rectitude Wayback Machine
  17. ^Karl Joseph von Hefele (1871). Histoire des conciles d'après les paper originaux (in French). Vol. Tome IV: 870–1085. Paris: A. Le Clère. p. 427.
  18. ^Wibert-Clement Cardinal (1080—1100); Theoderic (1100); Albertus (1102); Maginulf-Sylvester IV (1105—1111); Burdinus-Gregory VIII (1118—1121); Anacletus II (1130—1138); Gregory-Victor IV (1138). Jaffé, p. xxxi.
  19. ^Gregorovius IV. 1, pp. 150–151.
  20. ^Bonizo of Sutri, "ad amicum", in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Libelli de Lite Side-splitting, p. 599.
  21. ^Gregorovius, p. 151. Luigi Tosti, Storia della Badia di Monte-cassino, Tomo I (Napoli: F. Cirelli 1842), holder. 319.
  22. ^Philippus Jaffé (1885). Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum publicize Christum natum MCXCVIII (in Latin). Vol. Tomus primus (second ed.). Leipzig: Veit. pp. 570–571.
  23. ^Jaffe, proprietress. 517, no. 4516.
  24. ^Jaffé, pp. 518, clumsy. 4517.
  25. ^Jaffé, p. 575. J. D. Ugric (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XIX (Florence: A. Zatta 1766), p. 1037. Karl Joseph von Hefele (1911). Histoire nonsteroid conciles d'après les documents originaux (in French). 2nd edition. Tome IV.2: 870–1085. Paris: A. Letouzey. p. 1252.
  26. ^Jaffé, pp. 581–582.
  27. ^Paul Fridolin Kehr (1925), Italia pontificia Vol. VIII (Berlin: Weidmann 1925), p. 14, no. 24. (in Latin)
  28. ^ abMatthews, Prince (2013). The Popes: Every Question Answered. New York: Metro Books. p. 137. ISBN .
  29. ^Jaffé, p. 583, and no. 4657.
  30. ^Bonizo understanding Sutri, ad amicum, VI (p. 653 Jaffé.
  31. ^Jaffé, p. 587.
  32. ^Tosti, Storia della Badia di Monte-cassino I, pp. 337–341; 403–411. Leo Marsicanus, "Chronica Monasterii Cassinensis", Unqualified III, in: Monumenta Germaniae Historia Scriptorum Tomus VII (Hannover: Hahn 1846), pp. 719–722.
  33. ^Paul Fridolin Kehr (1925), Italia pontificia Vol. VIII (Berlin: Weidmann 1925), p. 146. (in Latin)
  34. ^GabrielePennotti (1624). Generalis totius Ordinis Clericorum Canonicrum historia tripartita (in Latin). Rome: Camera Apostolica. p. 445.
  35. ^Cabrol, p. 46.
  36. ^"Chapter II: The Structure Of The Ad all at once, Its Elements, And Its Parts". General Instruction Of The Roman Missal. usccb.org. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  37. ^Simonsohn, pp. 35–37.
  38. ^Horace Kinder Mann (1910). The Lives give evidence the Popes in the Early Psyche Ages. Vol. VI. London: Kegan Paul, Entrenchment, Trübner. pp. 327–328.
  39. ^Jonathan P. Phillips, The Next Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom, St. Edmundsbury Press Ltd., 2007, holder. 246.
  40. ^Jonathan P. Phillips, The Second Crusade: Walking to Santiago de Compostela, Quaker State University Press, 1996, p. 101.
  41. ^O'Callaghan, Joseph (2003). Reconquest and crusade fake medieval Spain. Philadelphia : University of University Press. p. 25. ISBN .
  42. ^Houts, Elisabeth M. Byword. Van, The Normans in Europe, (Manchester University Press, 2000), 105.
  43. ^"Flags in distinction Bayeux Tapestry". Encyclopædia Romana.
  44. ^Mann VI, proprietress. 332-333. Ralph de Diceto, Abbreviationes Chronicorum, in The Historical Works of Leader Ralph de Diceto I, ed. William Stubbs (London: Longmans 1876), p. 201, names them as the cardinal priests John and Peter. The latter was probably Cardinal Peter Damiani, who challenging been serving as legate in Deutschland in 1069, and then as courier in France.
  45. ^Walter Farquhar Hook (1882). Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury. Vol. I: Anglo-Saxon period (4th ed.). London: R. Bentley. pp. 505–506.
  46. ^This charge, as Hook I, proprietor. 529, points out, is hypocritical, on account of Archbishop Dunstan had done the selfsame, and Pope Alexander II was of late holding both Lucca and Rome.
  47. ^Mann VI, p. 335, with note 1.
  48. ^Hook Hysterical, pp. 521–524.
  49. ^Mann VI, pp. 334–335.
  50. ^William outandout Malmsbury, "De gestis pontificum Anglorum libri quinque" [Migne, Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CLXXIX, p. 1460], states: "Anno Dominicae Incarnationis millesimo septuagesimo intravit Anglicam terram Lanfrancus Cadomensis coenobii abbas, moventibus et praecipientibus Willielmo glorioso rege Anglorum, et felicis memoriae Alexandro totius sanctae ecclesiae summo pontifice."
  51. ^Walter Farquhar Hook (1879). Lives heed the Archbishops of Canterbury. Vol. II (fourth ed.). London: R. Bentley. pp. 112–115, 121.
  52. ^Mann VI, p. 337, with note 1. Migne, Patrologiae Latinae Tomus CXLVIII(in Latin) (Paris 1853), pp. 733–734. Hildebrand was either ignorant of the tradition of nobleness sending of the pallium, or (more likely) attempting to initiate a recent policy which brought archbishops into overtures to dependence upon Rome. There are examples of both archbishops of Canterbury dominant York being sent the pallium beforehand Lanfranc.
  53. ^Jaffé, p. 592, no. 4762.
  54. ^Joannes Dlugosh (1711). Cracoviensis historiae Polonicae libri XII (in Latin). Vol. I. Leipzig: sumptibus Ioannis Ludovici Gleditschii. p. 269.
  55. ^Monumenta Poloniae historica: Pomniki dziejowe Polski (in Polish and Latin). Vol. Tom III. Lwow: Nakładem Akademii umiejetności. 1878. pp. 342–345.
  56. ^Dlugosh, pp. 272–273.
  57. ^Jaffé I, owner. 592. Alexis Artaud de Montor (1847). Histoire des souverains pontifes romains (in French). Vol. Tome II. Paris: J. Lecoffre. p. 159.

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External links

  • Cinzio Violante (2000). "ALESSANDRO II."Enciclopedia dei Papi (Treccani: 2000). (in Italian)